How to stud weld CCO liners

Studs are welded to the mild steel backing side only — never to the overlay.
Use drawn-arc stud welding for structural studs (M12–M20 typical); capacitor-discharge studs suit thin backers.
Grind the backing surface to clean, bright steel at each stud position before welding.
Alternatively, weld threaded bosses or nuts to the backing with a low-hydrogen electrode (E7018).
Mount the liner stud-side out through the shell, secure with washers and nyloc nuts, and seal-cap exposed fasteners with QARC™ hardfacing where they see flow.

QAME can supply liners with studs factory-fitted on your hole pattern — send your drawing.

Fabrication & installation guides.